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This study sought to determine if using a visual cue was an effective method of stimulating recall in a child with Down Syndrome. While there is a wide array of research on the effects of visual aids in children who have been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, there is a gap in research concerning the impacts visual aids have on children who have Trisomy Twenty-One. This study implemented a visual aid which depicted activities completed in therapy in order to determine if the visual stimulation would aid in the client’s ability to recall events of that day’s therapy session. Effectiveness of a model, effectiveness of reinforcement, and the ability of the child to generalize the visual aid in new settings were also assessed. A multiple baseline design with six stages was employed to allow for analysis of each research question. It was found that after the introduction of a model and reinforcement, the visual aid was effective in increasing the number of activities which the client could correctly recall. This was supported by the findings in each phase, including the phases of generalization.
❐ PDFKeywords: Down Syndrome, Visual Cue, Recall
On August 5th, 2015, an accident at the Gold King Mine in Silverton, Colorado triggered the release of three million gallons of heavy metals into the Animas River. As heavy metals have toxic effects in high concentrations over time, it is extremely important to quantify the amounts of heavy metals in both the water itself, as well as surrounding riparian zones. This study inquired as to whether heavy metals were present in Salix exigua, or coyote willow, which makes up a large portion of the riparian biota. Samples were taken from three sites, at Oxbow Park and Preserve and Trimble Lane on the Animas River, as well as from a control site on the Florida River. Six metals, including aluminum, zinc, cadmium, manganese, barium, and iron, were quantified in root and leaf samples to account for the fate and transport into riparian plants. As bioaccumulation of metals in ecosystems can have effects in many areas, assessing the concentrations in the flora surrounding the river is essential to accounting for all aspects of river health. Metals were found to be significantly higher in roots compared to shoots, across all sites. Furthermore, the Animas River had significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals than the control site. Specifically, Oxbow Park and Preserve had the highest levels due to the geomorphology of this river reach. This study was essential for the quantification of heavy metal concentrations in the Animas River, and will help gain insight to the ecological health. It may also serve as baseline data for future studies accounting for plant health in this area.
❐ PDFTwo women spanning the Classical and Romantic epochs of music in Austria and Germany experienced remarkably different sides of the same performance culture. Maria Anna (“Nannerl”) Mozart (1751-1829) studied side by side with her brother, but upon reaching a marriageable age, her father forbade her to perform in public. Familial and societal expectations silenced the blossoming young musician. Clara Wieck Schumann (1819-1896) was a child prodigy who became a successful touring artist, composer, editor, teacher, and mother, but chose to devote herself to promoting her husband’s works in exchange for her compositional silence. Societal views of women in the Enlightenment and Romantic eras were rather limiting to their careers as musicians and composers in favor of their male kin, yet both Clara and Nannerl were both successful mothers and esteemed pianists in their respective genres. Clara reigned as a “priestess of art” in the concert hall and Nannerl thrived as an absolute marvel in the music salon. Nannerl Mozart and Clara Wieck Schumann were kindred souls, worlds apart and their legacies have a profound and lasting effect on aspiring female musicians today.
❐ PDFKeywords: Music, Schumann, Mozart, Enlightenment
This essay covers research done about the Freikorps, paramilitary organizations formed in Germany after World War I, specifically their invasion of the Baltic that they called the “Baltic Adventure”. The main focus will be to examine the motivations for individuals joining a Freikorps, as well as the political and strategic goals of the leading commanders during the Baltic Adventure. Additionally a focus will be made on the connections between earlier and later events, including World War I and II. Primary sources including personal accounts as well as secondary sources will help to shed light on the motivations and goals of both members and leaders of the Freikorps. Overall these sources will show how personal reactions to the German defeat in World War I, particularly the effect on masculinity, were used to further political goals by Freikorps leadership. These political goals were of dire consequence, including overthrowing the democratic governments of both Weimar Germany and Baltic states like Latvia.
Habitat fragmentation caused by human activities has been linked with extinctions of many species globally as pristine environments are divided into isolated patches, contributing to habitat loss and restricting gene flow. However, relatively little research has been done on the effects of fragmentation within an already urbanized landscape. Due to their high abundance and relatively large home ranges, black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) are an ideal species with which to study habitat connectivity within an urban setting. We tested the hypothesis that chickadee densities would be lower in more fragmented urban areas, using a Circuitscape model based on electric circuit theory and documented behavioural responses of chickadees to barriers in fragmented landscapes. The model simulated habitat connectivity across the small urban study area of Camrose, Alberta. This model was validated in the field using density surveys of chickadee populations in areas modelled as isolated against those modelled as connected. Due in part to the ‘stepping-stone’ effect of trees planted alongside roads, habitat connectivity was generally high across Camrose, with busy roads and unvegetated parks acting as major barriers. Chickadee densities were low in poorly connected areas, thus supporting the model and our hypothesis. The ability to model animal movements in urban centers is vital to inform city planning and management decisions, and to support local biodiversity.
❐ PDFEcological scholars and academic theologians have attempted to critique those who choose to remain ignorant of the current environmental crisis. But relying on the ignorance of scriptural myth and searching for antiquated hypocrisies in religion is not particularly challenging. The challenge comes when science is no longer welcome within a subset of the population relying on holy texts to give insight to real world issues with approaching consequences. The appropriate response to this reality coupled with the reality of an environment in a state of ecological emergency is to learn what makes a religiously inclined public receptive of the worldview of a secular society and what avenues within the many Protestant denominations are best-equipped to espouse progressive ecology without sacrificing theology. Pope Francis and the Catholic Church have taken strides to circumnavigate any stigma around an environmentally illiterate portion of Christianity. Protestantism, however, is without the power structure of the Catholic Church and endowed with a degree of theological liberty within Protestant communities that make ecological advocacy more difficult to consolidate.
This paper will argue that Protestantism in America is uniquely well equipped to take progressive positions on the environmental crisis while still relying on scripture. My research for this paper will be concerned with finding philosophical, theological, and ethical foundations behind modern Protestantism as well as uncovering and consolidating examples from Biblical scripture that coincide with a progressive ecology. Pulling from the work of early theologians such as Martin Luther to scholars such as Val Plumwood and Lynn White, Jr., I will be able to correspond environmental ethics with evidence of ecological care and stewardship from the Bible.
Keywords: religion, theology, Christianity, ecology, Protestantism
The purpose of this case study was to investigate the impact of ecological and historical factors on the Russian olive invasion in the Animas River Watershed in Aztec, New Mexico. Russian olive is a prominent invasive species found in many riparian corridors in the southwestern United States. Though its success can be inhibited by the flow fluctuations of unregulated rivers, the banks of the Animas River in and around Aztec are heavily infested with this species. Data collected from treated, untreated, and recently infested areas of land at Aztec Ruins National Monument showed significant differences in understory composition and retention of Russian olive seeds in the soil. Regression analyses of tree size vs. tree ring number allowed for the calculation of average tree age as well as variance in age distribution in untreated and agricultural areas. Ground water wells revealed that proximity to ground water is not a limiting factor in Russian olive growth rate. Examination of historical aerial photos provided some evidence that all areas were used for agricultural purposes and may contribute to why this and surrounding areas are uniquely affected by Russian olive. The complete removal of Russian olive is still a controversial topic in the southwest. Land managers must make decisions on a case by case basis, as the success of Russian olive establishment and the rate of succession into previously uninfected areas is likely linked to several biotic and abiotic variables.
❐ PDFThis research project focuses on the effect that the TGFβ/TGFβR3 immune cell signaling pathway has on antibody production in mice immunized with a T cell-independent antigen. Sera were collected from two groups of mice immunized with a trinitrophenyl (TNP) antigen: a transgenic group lacking the TGFβ/TGFβR3 signaling pathway and a littermate control group with an intact signaling pathway. Sera were collected 0-42 days following immunization. The indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to detect different subclasses of anti-TNP antibodies (IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2c, and IgG3). This project contributes to investigating whether variations in the TGFβ/TGFβR3 cell signaling pathway affect antibody production associated with certain types of autoimmune disease and the potential for therapies targeting this pathway as treatment for such diseases.
❐ PDFKeywords: Autoimmune Disease, Cell Signaling, Immunoglobulin, Transgenic
Jean-Michel Basquiat was a prominent neo-expressionist artist within the 1970s until his early death in 1988. His work brought the culture of graffiti and street art into fine art galleries and elite museums around the world building opportunities for black and other minority artists that would follow him in years to come. Although Basquiat did not see himself as an activist, this paper argues that messages in his art attacked cultural appropriations by mainstream society as well as expressed the struggles of black and Latino communities. Specifically, works entitled, “Defacement (Death of Michael Stewart)” (1983) and “Irony of a Negro Policeman” (1981) addressed the issues of racial and social inequality for these same groups. By looking at artists such as Raymond Pettibon in the twenty-first century, viewers are able to find a similar message between the content of both artists allowing today’s minority youth groups to view both in a sense of relatability when dealing with racialization within society. Basquiat’s work against laws and police practices of the 1980s, such as racial profiling and “stop and frisk,” one finds that his art has become even more relevant today.
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