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This essay focuses on the depictions of prostitution and prostitutes in Such is My Beloved, a novel written in the 1930’s by Morley Callaghan. It aims to examine prostitutes and their depictions from the ever-changing feminist perspective, and also to explore contemporary issues that would have been of importance to both prostitutes and feminists. Such Is My Beloved is written by a former crime reporter, and explores an authentic and revealing relationship between an idealistic young priest and two prostitutes. Through this book, the reader begins to understand the realities of 1930’s life, and how prostitution could become the trade of choice for an unmarried woman who had no job prospects and no special skills. This essay explores the phenomenon of prostitution and brings up a new conclusion: that in some situations prostitution is a valuable and necessary trade.
The purpose of this literature review was to research autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the diagnosis, prevalence, heritability, genetic and epigenetic links, and ongoing research surrounding the disorder, and the genetic and epigenetic links being discovered through this research. Much research has been done on genetic expression patterns that are found to contribute to a diagnosis of autism as well as research that environmental changes are causing a change in genetic and epigenetic patterns and possibly an increase in the numbers of autism diagnoses. The cause of ASD is still unknown; and because of this, preventing, treating, and curing autism is still not possible. Although genetic expression patterns have been found to play a part in the predisposition to the disorder, much of ASD remains a mystery.
Keywords: Autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Genetics, Epigenetics, Inheritance
Die Nationalsozialisten waren mit dem Konzept der Abstammung und dem Begriff von dem Volk besessen. Sie glaubten sie waren in einer Blutsgemeinschaft verbunden, auβerhalb von der standen alle Nicht-Deutschstämmigen. Es war dieser Glaube, dass sie für auβerordentliche Fähigkeiten bestimmt waren, den sie ihrer Ideologie zu Grunde gestellt haben. Sie haben ihre Ideologie auf bereits existierende Ideen und Begriffe gegründet, wie zum Beispiel die Arbeiten von Charles Darwin unter anderen. Sie behaupteten die auserkorene Rasse zu sein, und das Recht zu haben, alle anderen Rassen und „minderwertige“ Gruppen auszumerzen. Sie behaupteten die wirtschaftliche Situation Deutschlands sei die Schuld der Juden gewesen, und haben dieses Argument als Rechtfertigung für die Ausgrenzung und schlieβlich für die Vernichtung der Juden benutzt.
We combine ideas from terror management and moral foundations theories to analyze the role of existential concerns in the amplification of moral concerns. Terror management theory (TMT) is a broad integrative theory involving the role of existential fear in human motivation. TMT posits that humans buffer our inevitable death anxiety by investing in a cultural worldview. TMT research has shown that, when people are reminded of their death, the need to defend their worldview is heightened. Politically, people’s attitudes typically shift toward conservatism when mortality is made salient. Moral foundations theory (MFT) posits that cultures have moral systems that function to suppress or regulate selfishness and make civilized life possible, either by protecting individuals directly or by strengthening (binding) groups and institutions. Across studies, liberals consistently show greater endorsement and use of the individualizing foundations, whereas conservatives endorse all foundations more equally, hence placing comparatively greater value on the binding foundations. Recognizing that morals are an important component of a cultural worldview, we hypothesized that mortality salience would cause a conservative shift in moral concerns by increasing concern for the binding moral foundations. Additionally, we hypothesized that imminent death reminders would have a different effect on moral concerns, causing a decrease in group concerns and therefore less binding morals. Results supported our hypotheses. Implications and future directions will be discussed.
There is clear evidence that past generations of Native Americans suffer significant effects from their history of trauma stemming from the loss of land and culture. The effects of historical trauma in Native Americans have been researched, but only within older generations. This study examined the effects of historical trauma in current Native American college students at a public liberal arts college in the southwest. Seventy Native American students from 28 tribes (56% identified Navajo as their primary tribal affiliation) were surveyed measuring depression, anxiety, resilience, coping abilities, compassion towards oneself and towards others, and historical trauma. We found that the current generation of Native American students continues to experience similar levels of historical trauma as older generations. Native American students who experience historical loss have higher levels of depression, anxiety, negative feelings toward oneself and lower levels of resilience. Interestingly, we found that historical trauma was not correlated with blood quantum, gender, SES or drug and alcohol use. Our findings suggest a need for more research on the effects and potential treatment to increase resilience and reduce the impact of historical trauma.
Although filicide, the deliberate act of a parent killing a child, was historically regarded as a female crime, there has been an increase in the number of men killing their children. In the United States, maternal and paternal filicide now occur in roughly equal numbers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether media coverage of mothers who commit filicide differs from coverage of fathers who commit the same crime. We conducted a content analysis comparing two paired cases of actual filicide (maternal vs. paternal) described in print media articles. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess degree of bias. A follow-up survey was also administered in which respondents were asked to read one of two versions of a fictional case study of filicide (maternal or paternal) and rate how harshly they would punish the offending parent. We expected our research to reveal that maternal filicide is treated with more bias in the media and viewed more harshly by the public than paternal filicide; these hypotheses were partially confirmed. One explanation for our findings might be that violating expected gender stereotypes, such as the view of mothers as nurturers, is viewed especially negatively.
It may be hard to pinpoint the moment a nation chooses to follow a course that culminates in war, but what if media analysis could be used to identify the signs? World events, often in hindsight, seem to have some measure of predictability. But, is it possible to predict war, one of the most unpredictable events in the international system? Today the media is inundated with reports of conflict that could lead to potential hostility, but this spotlight always seems to fall upon The Islamic Republic of Iran. This sets the stage to test the warpath theorem– the point when rhetoric becomes reality–with an expectation of two results: either the Obama administration is gearing up for a future conflict with Iran or it is diligently working to avoid being drawn into another Middle East conflict. Using scholarly methods may open the possibility to gauge the probability that the U.S. heading towards war; consequently, providing a means for identifying states on the warpath. This paper presents analysis of the tone, quantity, and sources surrounding the reporting on Iraq in 2003 and Iran today–taken from The Washington Post across finite timeframes–and suggests that while the world is arguing over what direction to take with Iran, President Obama may have a different focus.
Self-presentation refers to calculated attempts to control how one is perceived by others. In the realm of internet dating, users of internet dating services self-present to potential partners though online profiles. The purpose of this study was to examine self-presentation through gender stereotyping in heterosexual male and female online profiles. I conducted a content analysis of 103 profiles from two different websites. Male and female profiles were coded for gender stereotypes using the Bem Sex Role Inventory. A series of Likert scales was employed to rate each profile on the incidence and significance of the traits mentioned in it. All profiles were subsequently assigned a masculinity score and a femininity score. The findings revealed that men were more likely to describe themselves using stereotypically masculine traits, while women were more likely to describe themselves using stereotypically feminine traits. However, neither gender relied exclusively or strongly on gender stereotypes in their self-presentations. These results have implications for the presence, perceived desirability, and importance of gender stereotypes in contemporary heterosexual relationships.
The mystery of the imperial harem has been a constant curiosity. Legends and dramatic tales of the caged women at the beck and call of greedy and controlling sultans have fascinated Westerners for centuries. The Ottoman Empire had significant contact with the Western world, and visiting officials and travelers related stories back home, some fact, some hearsay, and some pure fantasy. Stories featuring the sexual practices of the sultan and embellished descriptions of the harem helped sell books and fuel interest in the harem. Fact mixed with fantasy, but it is unclear just how much and where the line was drawn when taking literary liberties. Prior to the nineteenth century, the Western concept of the harem was driven by popular culture, created by men writing or drawing out their fantasies. These creations are highly sexually charged—full of debauchery and power struggle, and the works are still visible today—spectacular operas such as Abduction from the Seraglio, erotic paintings such as those by Thomas Rowlandson, or dramatic tales such as The Arabian Nights. It was not until after memoirs and documents written by traveling European women, who were allowed to see the inside of a harem, were published that the stereotype of the imperial Ottoman harem began to unravel. Additionally, the publication of memoirs and diaries written by harem women allowed for a truly insider view and showed the true nature of the harem that the West was refusing to grasp. While there were indications prior to the nineteenth century that the popular stereotype of the imperial Ottoman harem, visible in opera, art, and literature, was overly dramatic and sexualized, it was not until the publication of European women travelogues in the eighteenth century and harem women memoirs in the nineteenth century that the story of the harem began to be told, lifting the veil from the mysterious inner workings of the Ottoman palaces.
This research aims to understand the relationship between resiliency and school prevention and intervention programs. This literature review discusses the relationship between protective factors and risk factors, and how these concepts can be introduced into the school setting. Suggestions for fostering resiliency are discussed using the model from Henderson and Milstein (1996). Additionally, this research provides a brief overview of how to introduce cultural competency into prevention and intervention programs.
Rape as a mechanism of power asserts the mental, physical, and sexual dominance of one individual over another. In the instances of male-perpetrated rape of women, the female victim loses her autonomy as an individual because she becomes a mode of sexual expression and release for her assaulter. In her novel Gone With the Wind, Margaret Mitchell specifically negotiates marital rape, among other types. Though only allusive, she depicts this rape through the diction used to describe the relationship between Rhett Butler and Scarlett O’Hara. These representations convey the author’s reaffirmation of both established gender norms during the Civil War era and her own lingering anxieties during the 1920s. Mitchell establishes her traditional beliefs regarding male-female relationships in a system of male domination. She argues that, despite the detrimental effects of an abusive relationship, the woman will want to end up with the man who removed her agency.
Many First Nation societies and their respective languages, spiritualities, art forms, epistemologies, and peoples have been lost forever. Not coincidentally, those societies’ values often revolved around mother right households, and matri-local communities. As such, these societies were living, functioning examples of lifestyles and worldviews which were alternative to the burgeoning, exploitative capitalism of early America. Their destruction, then, was necessary in order that European colonisers could appropriate not only land but leadership. In their appropriation of these, Europeans also annexed whole universes of story, of spirituality, and therefore of the collective consciousness which preserved the solidarity of those communities. In this paper I will discuss how exactly these socio-spiritual thefts, committed by means of patriarchy, gave way to political “ownership” of First Nations people and land by colonisers, as well as why the annihilated societies of our tragic history were actually, in many ways, superior in their practice of community specifically because they were lacking in the rampant patriarchy that shaped the social structure of European private and public life. I argue particularly that the strength and fullness of traditional Native societies was deeply rooted in their reverence of mothering.